# Hyung Lin Kim ![Hyung Lin Kim](/sites/g/files/omnuum10901/files/styles/hwp_4_5__320x400/public/koreanalumnibiographiesproject/files/hyung_lin_kim.png?itok=OuXUSgBo) Hyung Lin Kim (Kim Hyŏng-nin, 김형린 金瀅璘, 1899–1990)[\[1\]](#fn1) was an educator, businessman, and a leader of the Korean community in New York City.[\[2\]](#fn2) Kim was a native of Kanggye, North P’yŏngan Province.[\[3\]](#fn3) In 1920, Kim graduated from Union Christian College of Soongsil University in Pyongyang (P’yŏngyang Sungsil Taehak), which had been established by Presbyterian missionaries, majoring in mathematics.[\[4\]](#fn4) In 1919, while a student at Soongsil, Kim participated in the nationalist March First demonstrations that had spread throughout the Korean peninsula.[\[5\]](#fn5) After his graduation from Soongsil in 1920, Kim briefly taught science and mathematics at both Soongsil and a high school in Pyongyang.[\[6\]](#fn6) Shortly afterwards, Kim turned his sights to study in America. Even as early as 1909, “the Japanese government indicated a willingness to issue passports to Korean students who could show evidence of welcome from the United States government as well as sufficient funds.”[\[7\]](#fn7) This willingness was heightened after 1919, the year of the massive March First Movement demonstrations. After witnessing the explosion of nationalist sentiment among Koreans during March First, the Japanese moved away from direct military rule and loosened restrictions on Koreans’ social and cultural activities, the reason why the era between 1919 and the early 1930s came to be called “Cultural Rule.”[\[8\]](#fn8) Many young nationalist Koreans during the first decade and a half of colonial rule thus left for the U.S. to receive a Western education and continue independence movement activities from abroad. In total, over 500 Koreans are estimated to have moved to the U.S. as students from 1910, the year of Korea’s annexation by Japan, to 1924, the year of enactment of the Asian Exclusion Act that banned immigration from Asia to the U.S.[\[9\]](#fn9) ![Letter from president of Union Christian College](/sites/g/files/omnuum10901/files/styles/hwp_1_1__720x720_scale/public/koreanalumnibiographiesproject/files/letter_from_president_of_union_christian_college_1921.jpeg?itok=3ai7V8Vh) Letter from Acting President of Union Christian College. Courtesy of Harvard University Archives.Kim was one of these students, entering the U.S. in 1921 with a Japanese passport.[\[10\]](#fn10) Kim apparently planned on staying in the U.S. only temporarily, hoping to eventually return to Korea after receiving a doctoral degree.[\[11\]](#fn11) It is likely the prestige of an American doctorate would have not only given Kim plenty of opportunities in Korea in his chosen field of education even under colonial rule, but also would have raised his prestige within the nationalist independence movement, in which Kim continued to support while in America.[\[12\]](#fn12) However, due to various circumstances, Kim ultimately ended up residing in America until the end of his life. Kim devoted his first decade in America to study, particularly focusing on the fields of education and psychology, in which he maintained a lifelong interest.[\[13\]](#fn13) Kim first attended the University of California.[\[14\]](#fn14) In 1922, Kim began attending the University of Dubuque in Iowa, earning a Bachelor’s degree that same year, and then obtaining a Master’s degree in Psychology in June 1923.[\[15\]](#fn15) Kim then attended the University of Chicago beginning in 1923, where he studied philosophy and psychology while being advised by the psychologist Harvey Carr.[\[16\]](#fn16) After two years at Chicago, he withdrew from the program without a degree but remained in the city until commencing graduate studies for the doctoral degree at Harvard in 1928. During his time at Chicago, Kim had to balance his studies with various other responsibilities. Like other Koreans early in their American educational careers (such as No-Yong Park), Kim’s grades at Dubuque and at Chicago were mainly B’s and C’s, although letters in support of Kim consistently noted his industriousness and conscientious nature.[\[17\]](#fn17) Compounding the initial linguistic barrier for students such as Kim that caused them to struggle in classes was the need to financially support themselves and their families. In his application to Harvard, Kim wrote that he was working as a manual laborer to support himself.[\[18\]](#fn18) Moreover, the Adviser of Foreign Students at the University of Chicago wrote to Harvard informing the admissions office at Graduate School of Arts and Sciences that Kim had had to take care of his cousin, who was reported to have suffered a mental illness, and that Kim’s care for her had affected his progress at Chicago.[\[19\]](#fn19) By 1925, Kim had joined the Korean Christian community in Chicago, donating money to his church’s drive to assist Koreans suffering from winter famine in Korea.[\[20\]](#fn20) Churches were intimately tied with Korean enclaves in the U.S. as well as Korean nationalist movements active in the country.[\[21\]](#fn21) Moreover, the Korean immigrant community, especially the first-generation immigrants, was noted for its fervor in contributing to the Korean independence movement.[\[22\]](#fn22) Kim also joined the leadership of the local Korean association in Chicago as head of educational affairs.[\[23\]](#fn23) While in Chicago, Kim also appears to have applied to enter the Hŭngsadan (Corps for the Advancement of Individuals) in 1925, which was an overseas Korean nationalist youth group that had been founded by independence activist An Ch’ang-ho (1878–1938) in 1913.[\[24\]](#fn24) Reflecting An’s moderate stance toward the means to achieve independence, the organization sought to, in the long run, “provide elitist leadership which would eventually manage the restoration of Korean sovereignty and subsequent reconstruction.”[\[25\]](#fn25) Although his application form was received, it is unclear if he was accorded membership. After Chicago, Kim moved to Cambridge and then entered the graduate program at Harvard University in 1928, studying psychology, but withdrew before finishing his degree. While in Boston, he married his wife Kim Rang (? –1977), also called Lucia Kim, who had also been an independence activist.[\[26\]](#fn26) ![Kim's Harvard GSAS application](/sites/g/files/omnuum10901/files/styles/hwp_1_1__720x720_scale/public/koreanalumnibiographiesproject/files/gsasg_app.png?itok=aAGvchhW) Kim's Harvard GSAS application. Courtesy of Harvard University Archives. The exact progression of Kim’s graduate studies at Harvard remains murky. (For instance, although Kim failed to earn a Master’s degree in 1929, he was still able to fulfill coursework and residency requirements for the doctoral degree by September 1930.)[\[27\]](#fn27) What is for certain is that Kim did not receive any degree from Harvard despite enrolling and completing coursework there. But beyond that fact, there remain many uncertainties about his time at Harvard. There are several potential reasons for his failure to earn a graduate degree and for his decision to ultimately leave Harvard. We may reasonably infer that Kim struggled at Harvard academically and financially. From the beginning, although Harvard GSAS allowed Kim to register, the university administration expressed concern with Kim’s academic record at Chicago and did not admit him to be a regular graduate student, instead requesting additional work at Harvard beforehand.[\[28\]](#fn28) Furthermore, it appears the linguistic barrier continued to be difficult to overcome for Kim; the Harvard psychologist Edwin G. Boring commented that communicating with Kim in English was challenging.[\[29\]](#fn29) Moreover, Kim appears to have been strapped for cash constantly while at Harvard. Boring noted that Kim was “having great financial difficulties,” while university administrators observed that Kim continued to work to support himself.[\[30\]](#fn30) Kim’s academic progress was slow as a result. Kim was unable to obtain a Master’s degree from Harvard in 1929 due to, among other requirements, his failure to pass Elementary German.[\[31\]](#fn31) In addition, it is unclear if Kim fulfilled the requirement that coursework grades for the Master’s program average out to a “B” (even though he fulfilled coursework grade requirements for the PhD).[\[32\]](#fn32) Because of one or all of these factors, Boring told Kim point-blank that it was unlikely that the latter would “ever be able to take the doctor’s degree,” which must have been unwelcome news to Kim, who apparently was desperate to obtain the Ph.D., without which he felt he would be unable to return to Korea.[\[33\]](#fn33) Eventually, Kim was forced to withdraw from the program, most likely due to the combination of financial hardship and lack of academic progress. ![Photo of Hyung Lin Kim and wife](/sites/g/files/omnuum10901/files/styles/hwp_1_1__360x360_scale/public/koreanalumnibiographiesproject/files/gimhyeongrin_bubu_credit_korea_times_of_new_york.jpeg?itok=qJGRjnij) Photo of Hyung Lin Kim and his wife Kim Rang. Courtesy of the Korea Times of New York.After leaving Harvard, Kim settled in New York City beginning in 1933, residing in Greenwich Village with his wife.[\[34\]](#fn34) Kim joined the Korean Methodist Church and Institute (KMCI; Nyu Yok Hanin Kyohoe), which had been founded in 1921. Kim was one of several prominent Koreans residing in New York who participated in 1933 in publicizing and raising funds to commemorate the upcoming 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Posŏng School (the future Korea University), which had been created in 1905 in Korea.[\[35\]](#fn35) This drive was part of a general endowment drive in Korea aimed at constructing a central library for the school, initiated by its new president Kim Sŏng-su (1891–1955); part of the funds came from a failed nationalist initiative in colonial Korea to establish a Korean national university in the 1920s.[\[36\]](#fn36) Kim maintained leadership positions in the local Korean-American community after his arrival in New York. In the 1930s, Kim was involved in creating a Korean association in New York along with, among other individuals, the activist and politician Chang Tŏk-su (1894–1947).[\[37\]](#fn37) Kim remained committed to supporting the independence movement as well as anti-Japanese activities in general, frequently donating to various nationalist causes.[\[38\]](#fn38) He was a founding member of the Korean American Association of Greater New York (KAAGNY) (Nyu Yok Haninhoe) in 1960, first serving in the executive committee before becoming its third president from 1963 to 1965.[\[39\]](#fn39) He also remained a key member of the Korean Christian community in New York through the KMCI until the end of his life. While in New York, Kim continued to maintain his interest and activities in education. He continued his studies at Columbia University, earning a Master’s degree in Education.[\[40\]](#fn40) Moreover, Kim was devoted to the teaching of the Korean language in America, especially to Korean-Americans. While president of KAAGNY, Kim founded The Korean Language School in New York City in 1962 and taught Korean to second-generation Korean Americans.[\[41\]](#fn41) The establishment of this school and other efforts by KAAGNY to promote Korean culture in the U.S. and to nurture second-generation Korean-Americans were celebrated by Korean newspapers.[\[42\]](#fn42) The Korean Language School was forced to move location several times, with Korean language classes taught first in the KMCI. Classes then moved to Brooklyn the following year, and then held at a Seventh-day Adventist Church in Queens in the 1970s. Kim continued to run the school into the mid-1980s. Moreover, Kim founded the Han’gŭl School through the KMCI in 1966 which taught Korean alphabet and writing.[\[43\]](#fn43) Kim’s efforts at promoting Korean language education in America were recognized by the South Korean government. Kim received the Order of Civil Merit, Pomegranate Medal (*Kungmin hunjang, sŏngnyujang*) in 1981 as the principal of the Korean Language School in New York.[\[44\]](#fn44) In addition to his activities in education and the Korean-American community in New York, Kim was a businessman. He in part worked in the foodstuffs manufacturing industry, having inherited part of a wholesale and retail food company called Oriental Food Product from An Sŭng-hwa; the part of the company that Kim inherited was a food manufacturing factory that made chop suey.[\[45\]](#fn45) Kim also ran florist and catering businesses during the Great Depression.[\[46\]](#fn46) In 1977, Kim’s wife Kim Rang passed away. Until his own passing in 1990, however, Kim remained active in the community and continued to teach, attend church, and participate in volunteer activities into his 80s, although he was mentioned in a Korean language article in 1985 about the loneliness of elderly Koreans in New York.[\[47\]](#fn47) Written by Sungik Yang, 7/08/2021 --- ### **Endnotes** [\[1\]](#p1) There have been divergent records for the sinographs (*hancha)* in Kim’s name. Early news reports on Kim in Korean media listed him as 金亨麟 (see “Yang ssi Miguk yuhak Sungsiltae chorŏpsaeng” \[Soongsil University graduates both to study abroad in the United States\], *Tonga ilbo*, March 21, 1921). However, most subsequent materials on Kim have listed him as 金瀅璘, which is why this rendering is listed in this biography. [\[2\]](#p1) Birth and death years are found in “Nyu Yok Hanin 125 nyŏn (43): Kim Hyŏng-nin, Nyu Yok ch’oech’o ŭi Han’gugŏ hakkyo sŏllip” \[125 Years of New York Koreans (Pt. 43): Hyung Lin Kim, Who Established New York’s First Korean Language School\], *Han’guk ilbo*, August 31, 2009. . However, according to his application to Harvard University, Kim listed his birth date as May 31, 1897. See “Application for Admission to Candidacy for a Degree in Arts or Philosophy,” Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim (UAV 161.201.10.5 Box 7). Harvard University Archives, p. 1. Hereafter, this archival source will be noted as “Student folder of Hyung Lin Kim” in newly cited documents from that source, along with the page number. [\[3\]](#p3) Cho Chong-mu, “Haebang hu Nyu Yok irwŏn Hanin sahoe,” *Chungang saron* 36 (December 2012): 540, fn. 8; and “Application for Admission to Candidacy for a Degree in Arts or Philosophy,” p. 1. [\[4\]](#p2) “Yang ssi Miguk yuhak Sungsiltae chorŏpsaeng”; “Application for Admission to Candidacy for a Degree in Arts or Philosophy,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 1; and “Letter from the Acting President of Union Christian College,” dated March 28, 1921, Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 7. [\[5\]](#p2) “Nyu Yok Hanin 125 nyŏn (43).” [\[6\]](#p2) “Application for Admission to Candidacy for a Degree in Arts or Philosophy,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 2. [\[7\] ](#p3)Lee Houchins and Chang-su Houchins, “The Korean Experience in America, 1903–1924,” *Pacific Historical Review*, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Nov. 1974): 558. [\[8\]](#p3) See Michael Robinson, *Cultural Nationalism in Colonial Korea, 1920–1925* (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), 45–46. [\[9\]](#p3) “Miguk ŭi chae Mi Hanin: ku Hanmal—Ilche kangjŏmgi,” *Chaeoe Hanin ŭi yŏksa*, National Archives of Korea. . 1924 is significant because that is the year the Oriental Exclusion Act was passed, banning all Asian immigration. See Boston University School of Theology, “History of Korean Immigration to America, from 1903 to Present,” *Boston Korea Diaspora Project*. . Meanwhile, Lee Houchins and Chang-su Houchins claim that the figure of 541 students was from the period 1910 to 1919. See Houchins and Houchins, “The Korean Experience in America, 1903–1924,” 558. [\[10\]](#p4) “Yang ssi Miguk yuhak Sungsiltae cholŏpsaeng”; Cho, “Haebang hu Nyu Yok ilwŏn Hanin sahoe,” 538, 540 fn. 8; and “Letter from the Acting President of Union Christian College,” p. 7. [\[11\]](#p4) “Letter from Edwin G. Boring to Assistant Dean L. S. Mayo,” dated May 26, 1930, Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 16. [\[12\]](#p4) Kim Hwal-lan (Helen Kim) and Ha Kyŏng-dok (who was the first Korean to receive a PhD from Harvard) were notable example of Koreans with American doctoral degrees who gained prominence upon their return to Korea. [\[13\]](#p5) Kim even published an article in an academic journal in 1961 based on his psychological research. See Hyung Lin Kim, “Reproduction of Form as a Function of Inter-Item Interval,” *Psychological Reports*, Vol. 9, No. 2 (October 1961): 449–454. [\[14\]](#p5) “Kajyu Taehak e uri haksaeng” \[Our Students at the University of California\], *Sinhan minbo*, January 19, 1922. [http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh\_1922\_01\_19\_v0003\_0290](http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh_1922_01_19_v0003_0290). According to the Korean American History Museum website, Kim did not obtain a degree from the University of California. See . [\[15\]](#p15) “Chae Mi haksaeng ŭi chorŏp” \[Graduation of Students Residing in America\], *Chosŏn ilbo*, July 2, 1923; “Kim Hyŏng-nin ssi nan yuwŏl e chorŏp” \[Hyung Lin Kim to Graduate in June\], *Sinhan minbo*, May 17, 1923. [http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh\_1923\_05\_17\_v0002\_0150](http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh_1923_05_17_v0002_0150); “Nyu Yok Hanin 125 nyŏn (43)”; and “Application for Admission to Candidacy for a Degree in Arts or Philosophy,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, pp. 1–2. [\[16\]](#p5) “Kim Hyŏng-nin ssi nan Swik’ago Taehak esŏ” \[Hyung Lin Kim Studying in University of Chicago\], *Sinhan minbo*, November 15, 1923. [http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh\_1923\_11\_15\_v0001\_0100](http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh_1923_11_15_v0001_0100); “Application for Admission to Candidacy for a Degree in Arts or Philosophy,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 2. [\[17\]](#p6) “University of Dubuque Transcript,” Student folder of Hyung Lin Kim, pp. 3–4; “University of Chicago Transcript,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 5; “Letter from the Acting President of Union Christian College,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 7; and “Letter from the Office of the Adviser of Foreign Students, University of Chicago,” dated December 28, 1927, Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 21. [\[18\]](#p6) “Application for Admission to Candidacy for a Degree in Arts or Philosophy,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p.2. [\[19\]](#p6) “Letter from the Office of the Adviser of Foreign Students, University of Chicago,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 21. [\[20\]](#p6) “Chaeoe tongp’o *Tonga ilbo* ŭl t’ong haya chaenae kŭn’gi tongp’o ege (i)” \[Overseas Koreans, to the Koreans \[in Korea\] Suffering from Famine, through the *Tonga ilbo* (Part 2)\], *Tonga ilbo*, March 3, 1925. [\[21\]](#p6) Ronald Takaki, *Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans* (New York: Penguin Books, 1990), 278–279. [\[22\]](#p6) Takaki, *Strangers from a Different Shore*, 278. [\[23\]](#p6) “Chibang hoebo” \[Report of the Local Association\], *Sinhan minbo*, April 10, 1924. [http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh\_1924\_04\_10\_v0002\_0110](http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh_1924_04_10_v0002_0110). [\[24\]](#p7) “Hŭngsadan iptan ch’ŏngwŏnsŏ” \[Petition to Join the Hŭngsadan\], June 24, 1925. [https://search.i815.or.kr/contents/mijooAcademy/mijooAcademyDetailList.do?mngNo=1-H01488-001&soTitleType=all](https://search.i815.or.kr/contents/mijooAcademy/mijooAcademyDetailList.do?mngNo=1-H01488-001&soTitleType=all). [\[25\]](#p7) Houchins and Houchins, “The Korean Experience in America, 1903–1924,” 567. [\[26\]](#p7.5) “Ryang Kim ssi ŭi kyŏrhon” \[The Two Kims Marry\], *Sinhan minbo*, October 18, 1928. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1928\_10\_18\_v0001\_0060](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1928_10_18_v0001_0060). “Nyu Yok Hanin 125 nyŏn (43).” [\[27\]](#p8) “Letter from Assistant Dean George Kingsley Zipf to Hyung Lin Kim,” dated September 25, 1930, Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 10. [\[28\]](#p8) “Letter from Assistant Dean L. S. Mayo to Hyung Lin Kim,” dated January 10, 1928, Student folder of Hyung Lin Kim, pp. 8–9. [\[29\]](#p8) “Letter from Edwin G. Boring to Assistant Dean L. S. Mayo,” p. 16. However, Kim was proficient in Japanese and Chinese. See “Letter from the Acting President of Union Christian College,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 7; “Letter from K. T. Mei to the Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences,” dated May 10, 1929, Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 18. [\[30\]](#p8) “Letter from Edwin G. Boring to Assistant Dean L. S. Mayo,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 16; “Letter from Assistant Dean L. S. Mayo to Edwin G. Boring,” dated May 27, 1930, Student folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 15. [\[31\]](#p8) “Letter from Assistant Dean L. S. Mayo to Hyung Lin Kim,” dated June 21, 1929, Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 17. [\[32\]](#p8) “Letter from Assistant Dean George Kingsley Zipf to Professor J. H. Woods,” dated September 25, 1930, Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 11. [\[33\] ](#p9)“Letter from Edwin G. Boring to Assistant Dean L. S. Mayo,” Student Folder of Hyung Lin Kim, p. 16. [\[34\]](#p10) “Nyu Yok Hanin 125 nyŏn (43).” Apparently, Kim Rang had been back in Korea from 1931 until 1934, when she went to New York City to join Hyung Lin Kim. See “Kim Hyŏng-nin ssi puin chaech’a to Mi” \[Wife of Hyung Lin Kim Returns Again to America\], *Sinhan minbo*, September 27, 1934. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1934\_09\_27\_v0001\_0130](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1934_09_27_v0001_0130). [\[35\]](#p10) “Pojŏn saŏp ŭl wihaya chae Mi tongp’odŭl i hwaltong chung” \[Korean Compatriots in America Active on Behalf of Posŏng School Commemoration\], *Tonga ilbo*, October 22, 1933; “Pojŏn kinyŏm saŏp e chae Mi tongp’o chŏkkŭk huwŏn” \[Korean Compatriots in America Actively Support Commemoration of Posŏng School\], *Chosŏn ilbo*, October 22, 1933. For more on the Posŏng School, see the entry “Posŏng Chŏnmun Hakkyo” in the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (*Han’guk minjok munhwa tae paekkwa sajŏn*), [http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents\_id=E0023433](http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0023433). [\[36\]](#p10) Robinson, *Cultural Nationalism in Colonial Korea, 1920–1925*, 88. [\[37\]](#p11) “Nyu Yok Hanin Kongdonghoe” \[New York Korean Association\], *Sinhan minbo*, February 14, 1935. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1935\_02\_14\_v0003\_0240](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1935_02_14_v0003_0240). [\[38\]](#p11) Examples include donating to the Chinese cause during the Second Sino-Japanese War as well as the Liberation Army (Kwangbokkun) upon its establishment in 1940. See “Nyu Yok chibang, Chungguk hang Il chŏnjaeng tongjŏnggŭm” \[New York Region, Donations to the Chinese anti-Japanese War\], *Sinhan minbo*, September 30, 1937. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1937\_09\_30\_v0001\_0190](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1937_09_30_v0001_0190); “Nyu Yok to taesŏnghwang: il paek p’al sip ku wŏn” \[New York Also a Great Success: 189 wŏn\], *Sinhan minbo*, October 31, 1940. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1940\_10\_31\_v0002\_0300](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1940_10_31_v0002_0300). [\[39\]](#p11) Cho, “Haebang hu Nyu Yok irwŏn Hanin sahoe,” 540, fn. 8; “Nyu Yok Hanin 125 nyŏn (43).” The website of the KAAGNY can be found here: . [\[40\]](#p12) Cho, “Haebang hu Nyu Yok ilwŏn Hanin sahoe,” 538, 540 fn. 8. [\[41\]](#p12) Cho, “Haebang hu Nyu Yok ilwŏn Hanin sahoe,” 540, fn. 8. [\[42\]](#p12) “Choguk ŭi munhwa rŭl Miguk e sogae” \[Introducing the Culture of the Fatherland to America\], *Chosŏn ilbo*, May 31, 1963. [\[43\]](#p12) “Nyu Yok Hanin 125 nyŏn (43).” [\[44\]](#p12) “Kyoyukcha taehoe hunjang p’ojang p’yoch’angja myŏngdan” \[Educator Convention Roll of Medals, Honorees\], *Chosŏn ilbo*, December 6, 1981. [\[45\]](#p13) Cho, “Haebang hu Nyu Yok irwŏn Hanin sahoe,” 538, 540, fn. 8; 556. [\[46\] ](#p13)“Nyu Yok Hanin 125 nyŏn (43).” [\[47\]](#p14) “Yŏgi nŭn Nyu Yok’ŭ (18): Kyop’o noindŭl oeroum e unda” \[This is New York (Pt. 18): Elderly Overseas Koreans Cry Over Their Loneliness\], *Tonga ilbo*, November 9, 1985. ### Bibliography **Archival sources** Kuksa P’yŏnch’an Wiwŏnhoe \[National Institute of Korean History\]. *Han’guksa teit’ŏbeisŭ* \[Korean History Database\]. . Student folder of Hyung Lin Kim (UAV 161.201.10.5 Box 7). Harvard University Archives, Harvard University. Courtesy of the Harvard University Archives. **Primary sources and newspaper articles** “Chae Mi haksaeng ŭi chorŏp” \[Graduation of Students Residing in America\], *Chosŏn ilbo*, July 2, 1923. “Chaeoe tongp’o *Tonga ilbo* ŭl t’ong haya chaenae kŭn’gi tongp’o ege (i)” \[Overseas Koreans, to the Koreans \[in Korea\] Suffering from Famine, through the *Tonga ilbo* (Part 2)\], *Tonga ilbo*, March 3, 1925. “Chibang hoebo” \[Report of the Local Association\], *Sinhan minbo*, April 10, 1924. [http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh\_1924\_04\_10\_v0002\_0110](http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh_1924_04_10_v0002_0110). “Choguk ŭi munhwa rŭl Miguk e sogae” \[Introducing the Culture of the Fatherland to America\], *Chosŏn ilbo*, May 31, 1963. “Hŭngsadan iptan ch’ŏngwŏnsŏ” \[Petition to Join the Hŭngsadan\], June 24, 1925. [https://search.i815.or.kr/contents/mijooAcademy/mijooAcademyDetailList.do?mngNo=1-H01488-001&soTitleType=all](https://search.i815.or.kr/contents/mijooAcademy/mijooAcademyDetailList.do?mngNo=1-H01488-001&soTitleType=all). “Kajyu Taehak e uri haksaeng” \[Our Students at the University of California\], *Sinhan minbo*, January 19, 1922. [http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh\_1922\_01\_19\_v0003\_0290](http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh_1922_01_19_v0003_0290). “Kim Hyŏng-nin ssi nan Swik’ago Taehak esŏ” \[Hyung Lin Kim Studying in University of Chicago\], *Sinhan minbo*, November 15, 1923. [http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh\_1923\_11\_15\_v0001\_0100](http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh_1923_11_15_v0001_0100). “Kim Hyŏng-nin ssi nan yuwŏl e chorŏp” \[Hyung Lin Kim to Graduate in June\], *Sinhan minbo*, May 17, 1923. [http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh\_1923\_05\_17\_v0002\_0150](http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?levelId=npsh_1923_05_17_v0002_0150). “Kim Hyŏng-nin ssi puin chaech’a to Mi” \[Wife of Hyung Lin Kim Returns Again to America\], *Sinhan minbo*, September 27, 1934. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1934\_09\_27\_v0001\_0130](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1934_09_27_v0001_0130). “Kyoyukcha taehoe hunjang p’ojang p’yoch’angja myŏngdan” \[Educator Convention Roll of Medals, Honorees\], *Chosŏn ilbo*, December 6, 1981. “Nyu Yok chibang, Chungguk hang Il chŏnjaeng tongjŏnggŭm” \[New York Region, Donations to the Chinese anti-Japanese War\], *Sinhan minbo*, September 30, 1937. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1937\_09\_30\_v0001\_0190](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1937_09_30_v0001_0190). “Nyu Yok Hanin 125 nyŏn (43): Kim Hyŏng-nin, Nyu Yok ch’oech’o ŭi Han’gugŏ hakkyo sŏllip” \[125 Years of New York Koreans (Pt. 43): Hyung Lin Kim, Who Established New York’s First Korean Language School\], *Han’guk ilbo*, August 31, 2009. . “Nyu Yok Hanin Kongdonghoe” \[New York Korean Association\], *Sinhan minbo*, February 14, 1935. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1935\_02\_14\_v0003\_0240](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1935_02_14_v0003_0240). “Nyu Yok to taesŏnghwang: il paek p’al sip ku wŏn” \[New York Also a Great Success: 189 wŏn\], *Sinhan minbo*, October 31, 1940. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1940\_10\_31\_v0002\_0300](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1940_10_31_v0002_0300). “Pojŏn saŏp ŭl wihaya chae Mi tongp’odŭl i hwaltong chung” \[Korean Compatriots in America Active on Behalf of Posŏng School Commemoration\], *Tonga ilbo*, October 22, 1933. “Pojŏn kinyŏm saŏp e chae Mi tongp’o chŏkkŭk huwŏn” \[Korean Compatriots in America Actively Support Commemoration of Posŏng School\], *Chosŏn ilbo*, October 22, 1933. “Ryang Kim ssi ŭi kyŏrhon” \[The Two Kims Marry\], *Sinhan minbo*, October 18, 1928. [http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh\_1928\_10\_18\_v0001\_0060](http://db.history.go.kr/id/npsh_1928_10_18_v0001_0060). “Yang ssi Miguk yuhak Sungsiltae chorŏpsaeng” \[Soongsil University graduates both to study abroad in the United States\], *Tonga ilbo*, March 21, 1921. “Yŏgi nŭn Nyu Yok’ŭ (18): Kyop’o noindŭl oeroum e unda” \[This is New York (Pt. 18): Elderly Overseas Koreans Cry Over Their Loneliness\], *Tonga ilbo*, November 9, 1985. **Secondary sources** Boston University School of Theology. “History of Korean Immigration to America, from 1903 to Present.” *Boston Korea Diaspora Project*. . Cho Chong-mu. “Haebang hu Nyu Yok irwŏn Hanin sahoe.” *Chungang saron* 36 (December 2012): 535–572. Houchins, Lee and Chang-su Houchins. “The Korean Experience in America, 1903–1924.” *Pacific Historical Review*, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Nov. 1974): 548–575. Kim, Hyung Lin. “Reproduction of Form as a Function of Inter-Item Interval.” *Psychological Reports*, Vol. 9, No. 2 (October 1961): 449–454. “Miguk ŭi chae Mi Hanin: ku Hanmal – Ilche kangjŏmgi.” *Chaeoe Hanin ŭi yŏksa*, National Archives of Korea. . “Posŏng Chŏnmun Hakkyo.” In the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (*Han’guk minjok munhwa tae paekkwa sajŏn*). [http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents\_id=E0023433](http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0023433). Robinson, Michael. *Cultural Nationalism in Colonial Korea, 1920–1925*. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988. Takaki, Ronald. *Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans*. New York: Penguin Books, 1990. *The Harvard Korean Alumni Biographies Project and the Project website are copyright © 2024 President and Fellows of Harvard College and/or its licensors. Unauthorized reproduction or distribution is not permitted.* *Please contact Executive Director Susan Laurence (*[*susan\_laurence@harvard.edu*](mailto:susan_laurence@harvard.edu)*) for any concerns or questions*. - ## Decade [1920-1930](/decade/1920-1930) - ## Korean Alumni [Graduate School of Arts and Sciences](/korean-alumni-decade/gsas)